This is an electron micrograph of a non-pylori Helicobacter. These species have been associated with gastric disease (including peptic ulcer disease and gastric malignancy), diarrhoea, bacteraemia and systemic disease, including cholecystitis and hepatitis. Some do not produce urease and may currently escape detection. Methodology to detect these bacteria, which can potentially be treated with standard H. pylori treatment regimes, is being developed locally.