Psychosocial care in DHB-based stroke services in Aotearoa: a survey of current practice
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Stroke is increasingly common in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is the third most common cause of death and disability, with around 9,000 New Zealanders being affected by stroke each year.[[1]] Despite the incidence of strokes declining, as the population ages, the number of strokes is anticipated to increase, with a corresponding increase in the number of people living with stroke.[[1]] Many people with stroke live with ongoing psychosocial impacts of stroke which affect their quality of life and stroke outcomes. While the term “psychosocial” can be understood in many ways, for this work, we use it to refer to the psychological, social and emotional impacts of stroke. Rates of psychological diagnoses are high, with one in three stroke survivors experiencing depression,[[2]] and with one in five experiencing anxiety after stroke.[[3]] These can develop at any time post-stroke, with two-thirds of people with depression developing it at least 3 months after stroke.[[4]] Rates are higher in those with communication impairments.[[5]] People experience changes in roles and social networks.[[6]] Emotional impacts include grief, hopelessness, apathy, personality changes and loss of identity.[[7,8]] Depression, anxiety, and perceived social isolation are associated with poorer outcomes after stroke[[9–11]] while social support is associated with positive outcomes.[[11]] There are clear associations between social supports, depression, and quality of life.[[12]] Given that psychosocial wellbeing is a priority outcome for people with stroke,[[13]] that psychosocial factors are associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes[[9–11]] and many are modifiable,[[14]] it is important to identify impacts early and intervene in a timely manner to facilitate recovery after stroke.
In Aotearoa, research and policy documents have identified that psychosocial needs should be a priority area for services.[[15,16]] The National Stroke Network (NSN) developed a stroke rehabilitation strategy in 2018 to specify core standards for rehabilitation.[[15]] This requires services to “ensure that all patients with suspected psychosocial needs are screened and where needs are identified, are offered appropriate timely interventions”.[[15]] In 2020, Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation was developed to support the enactment of the strategy,[[17]] and details high-level practice recommendations and priorities for action.[[17]] With regard to psychosocial screening, it requires services have a documented process or protocol to ensure that all patients are screened for psychosocial needs—which reflects that all people with stroke are likely to have psychosocial needs.[[18]] To help services to meet the standards in Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation, a psychosocial working group was established to develop a model of care and produce resources to support services to meet the NSN standard. This working group incorporates service providers across the continuum of care and non-governmental organisations, people living with stroke and whānau, and academics. This paper reports the outcome of the first action of the working group: a 2021 survey conducted to understand how psychosocial care is currently provided by stroke services in Aotearoa.
Method
The purposes of the survey were to: (a) collect information on current psychosocial screening and intervention practices, and (b) gather clinician and service perspectives on resources needed to improve psychosocial care. The survey questions are provided in Appendix 1. The survey was designed by the authors before being trialled with members of the working group; questions were refined after their feedback. Within the survey, nine questions were asked relating to six topics:
• Disciplines available
• How psychosocial needs are identified
• Current practices for supporting psychosocial needs
• Resources used to support wellbeing
• Services available beyond organised stroke care
• Identified resource and training needs.
The survey was circulated to clinical leads across medical, nursing and allied health disciplines using the mailing list of the NSN in July 2021. This included staff from every district health board (DHB). Recipients were requested to complete the survey (online via Survey Monkey) with their teams; it was suggested that it should be completed at a service level (e.g., with one response from the acute stroke unit) rather than by multiple individuals within the service. In the instance of multiple services across one DHB, it was suggested that each service should provide a response as staffing and care practices and processes may differ across services or sites.
Data management presented challenges due to variability in the responses received. This reflects the different ways stroke services are structured across Aotearoa, and reflects how each organisation provided its responses. Some DHBs provided one response on behalf of all stroke services (hyperacute, acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation) while others provided responses for each service. For the purposes of analysis, if the responses only discussed the continuum and it was not possible to identify what related to each type of service, this was classified as “continuum of care”. When it was possible to identify which responses related to specific services (e.g., acute or inpatient rehabilitation), then the data were analysed with like data. Many DHBs operated hybrid stroke services (e.g., integrated acute care and inpatient rehabilitation); in these instances, data were analysed alongside other acute data and inpatient rehabilitation data. Some responses addressed some, but not all questions.
Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis of qualitative responses.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services within 18 of the 20 DHBs. Of the responding DHBs, 14 were North Island DHBs and four were South Island. They represented DHBs in urban, regional and rural settings. The New Zealand clinical guidelines for stroke management[[19]] define DHBs as large, medium and small, based on population catchment and stroke occurrence. Responses were received from seven out of seven large DHBs, six out of six medium DHBs and five out of seven small DHBs. Of the 37 responses, 11 responses described the continuum of care within a DHB, six were from an acute service, two from a combined acute/inpatient rehabilitation service, eight an inpatient rehabilitation service, two from combined inpatient rehabilitation and community services, and eight from a community service.
Psychosocial screening practices
Respondents were asked to say how psychosocial needs are identified, and if routine screening occurs, how this occurs, including details of screening approaches and/or tools used. We received 35 responses to these questions, from 16 DHBs, and results are summarised in Table 1.
View Tables 1–3.
Forty percent of respondents (n=14) reported there was no routine screening of psychosocial needs within their service. In services that reported some approach to screening, initial disciplinary assessments were the primary occasion for identifying psychosocial issues. Free-text responses described this with phrases such as “asked by MDT in subjective assessments” in acute care or “medical and nursing screen” in inpatient rehabilitation. As such, what was screened was not clear for most services. Several services described comprehensive and holistic screening processes. One inpatient service considered multiple domains of wellbeing such as motivation, behaviour, sleep, whānau support and carer stress, which then were discussed and addressed within daily rapid rounds and weekly multidisciplinary team meetings. Several community services described gathering information about wellbeing on the referral form, asking specific questions relating to holistic domains of wellbeing in initial transdisciplinary assessments (holistic assessments covering different domains relevant to stroke, completed by one team member) such as asking about mood, social supports, finances, sexuality, relationships, and in some instances, also completing validated screening. These examples reflect clear processes for reviewing and addressing wellbeing. Five services used validated psychosocial screening tools. These included the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) or the Patient Health Questionnarie-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Depression Intensity Scale Circles (DISCs) or the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ) for those with communication impairments. Even with specified screening policies and tools, screening did not consistently occur. In the free-text box, one respondent identified that while they had a DHB-wide policy and screening process using a validated tool, in practice “this does not always occur”. No services used culturally specific tools, or described screening processes which reflected Māori models of hauora.
In the absence of routine screening (37% of responses), respondents described psychosocial needs being identified through staff observations and conversations with patients and families. However, free text responses indicated this could be “ad hoc” or “hit and miss”.
Interventions to support wellbeing
Three patterns of support were identified through free-text responses to the question, “How is the psychosocial wellbeing of people with strokes currently supported within the service?”, a question answered by 32 of the 37 respondents.
The first pattern (n=3 responses; one each from acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation services) was that respondents stated psychosocial wellbeing supports were limited, with responses such as “it is not supported”, “poor”, and “not supported beyond general enquiry”.
The second pattern (n=24 responses) predominantly described referrals to different providers: psychologists or social workers within the team, chaplains, cultural support services, liaison psychiatry within hospital services, or external supports such as general practitioners (GPs) or stroke-centred non-governmental organisations. These respondents provided little detail regarding everyday psychosocial supports provided by multidisciplinary members of the stroke team.
The third pattern (n=5 responses; three joint acute/inpatient services, one acute, and one community rehabilitation service) reflected multi-layered approaches to psychosocial care provided by multidisciplinary team members within the stroke service. A variety of interventions were described, from universal approaches with all patients through to specialist input for identified psychological needs, shown in Table 2. These respondents also described models of care that prioritised holistic care, which included regular staff training on wellbeing, a ward environment that supported whānau involvement, and attending to staff wellbeing, seeing this as a core aspect of them supporting patient and whānau wellbeing.
The survey prompted some services to identify how they supported the psychosocial needs of Māori and Pacific peoples. Responses predominantly specifed referring to cultural support services; several specified whānau involvement through regular communication between staff and whānau, whānau rooms, and longer visiting hours as strategies in supporting wellbeing. One non-urban community service described connecting with visiting kaumatua and supporting connection with valued community activities.
While specific disciplines and services were reported to be instrumental in providing psychosocial support (specifically social work, psychology, and cultural support services), limited availability was also reported. This is summarised in Table 3. Some free-text responses suggested that the actual availability of these disciplines may be less than what the numbers suggest. For instance, one DHB with two acute services stated that at one hospital, social work was available one-to-two times a week, while in the larger hospital, social work was routinely available. Another acute service indicated that the only specialist mental health support was from liaison psychiatry but was difficult to access as psychosocial responses were considered a normal reaction to stroke, rather than something requiring specialist input. One DHB-wide community service highlighted geographical differences within the service, stating “psychology (almost entirely non-existent) can only be accessed on referral” in one part of the DHB that only 10% of patients resided within. The other 90% of stroke patients in the DHB had no access to psychology or social work. The nature of their involvement was rarely specified, for instance, whether services were stroke-specific or if staff were resourced and able to provide comprehensive psychosocial support.
Resource needs to improve psychosocial screening and care
Using open-ended questions, we asked respondents to identify training and resource needs. Respondents sought a national approach to screening that was culturally appropriate, reflected holistic understandings of wellbeing such as addressing identity, values, whānau and adjustment, and incorporated Māori models of health. Alongside this, respondents identified the need for better training in understanding and identifying psychosocial needs, and the need for care pathways so that there were clear processes and supports available and accessible if psychosocial issues were identified. To equip clinicians to provide comprehensive psychosocial support, a number of needs were identified:
1. Education addressing:
• The importance of providing psychosocial support. Respondents suggested this education should be provided to the whole team, including support and ward-based staff.
• Specific interventions such as Motivational Interviewing.
• Specific psychosocial issues such as risk assessment, emotional changes, supporting engagement in people who are depressed or anxious, managing difficult behaviour, knowing when specialist support is required.
2. Resources for patients and family on the different impacts of stroke.
3. Improved staffing within the team, including routine access to social workers and psychology, and ensuring that staff with specialist psychosocial skills and knowledge have capacity to support patients, whānau and teams.
Discussion
This survey sought to identify current psychosocial screening and intervention practices in Aotearoa New Zealand, and to resource needs to support service development.
Clear variability in screening was evident, both within DHBs and between DHBs. Current approaches to screening are inconsistent. Five services reported routine screening using a validated screening tool and/or psychosocial assessment. This is an improvement on 2014 research that showed only 7% of services completed screening for >90% of patients.[[20]] However, there is still progress to be made. Screening processes should be universal, attend to different domains likely to be impacted by stroke, and be embedded throughout the continuum of care to ensure issues are identified in a timely manner.[[18,21]] This includes ongoing review in primary care.
No services identified using culturally informed screening processes for Māori or people of other cultural groups. It is imperative that screening processes are culturally responsive, reflect cultural perspectives on wellbeing, and are culturally safe.[[22]] Additionally, all clinicians and services are able to be culturally safe, responsive to and supporting people’s cultural needs and broader sense of oranga (wellbeing), to avoid perpetuating inequities in experience and outcome.[[23,24]]
When psychosocial issues are identified, timely, evidence-based intervention is important.[[25]] A wide variety of approaches to supporting wellbeing were evident. Some respondents identified psychosocial care was an area that was not addressed well—this reflects patients’ experiences of services.[[26]] Some responses focused on referrals to specialist support (cultural support, social work, psychology); however, there were also comprehensive examples of holistic psychosocial care within services. These examples reflect best practice approaches such as the Stepped Care Model,[[27]] and may provide a useful model for clinicians and services wishing to enhance practice.
All staff working in stroke care, across the continuum of care, should be able to provide support for common post-stroke psychosocial changes.[[27]] Specialised support should be available from appropriately trained staff, and from specialist psychologists and psychiatrists for those with more significant psychosocial and psychological difficulties. This is important as best-practice guidelines recommend talking therapies are a first line treatment for depression; medical teams can also consider a trial of antidepressants.[[18]] It is clear from survey results, however, that access to specialist psychological services is limited.
This survey indicates there is a need for better and wider access to specialist psychological support; however, it also highlights there is a need and appetite for building the knowledge, skills and supports for stroke-specialist staff. Building capability within the stroke team is likely to improve psychosocial care and better meet the needs of patients.[[5,27]] The creation of Te Whatu Ora and larger localities may offer more opportunities for providing education for multidisciplinary staff, and collaboration and connection with specialist support across hospitals and services and between tertiary and primary care.
The results of this survey have led to the development of a resource to support services to identify and address psychosocial needs after stroke.[[28]] It provides scripts for asking about wellbeing, and recommends that specific validated screens are completed at transition points, or if staff have concerns. These are PHQ-9 and GAD-7, or the HADS. If the person has communication impairments, clinicians could consider the SADQ-10 or DISCs, and Behavioural Observation of Anxiety (BOA). It also identifies a range of strategies clinicians can use to support wellbeing. Ongoing professional development will occur throughout 2023.
The findings of this survey do have some limitations. There were inconsistencies in how services responded, limiting our ability to draw conclusive findings from comparisons within and across service types; this would require a different research approach. Responses to open-ended questions varied significantly in the depth provided. This does not reflect that one represents a better approach to care than others. Instead, it reflects the nature of the survey design and possibly respondent time.
There is clear recognition of the need for improved psychosocial care for people with stroke in Aotearoa New Zealand. The high rate of responses to this survey indicate a wide-spread interest in enhancing care. This survey provides a valuable platform for future practice and policy development, which should aim to better equip clinicians to support wellbeing. It is vital that services improve psychosocial care to enable better experiences and outcomes for people impacted by stroke.
View Appendix.
Summary
Abstract
Aim
Stroke has significant psychosocial impacts which contribute to burden for the person with stroke and affect stroke outcomes. The Psychosocial Working Group of the National Stroke Network (NSN) sought to survey current practices for assessing and supporting psychosocial needs within district health board (DHB) based stroke services to inform national service delivery initiatives.
Method
The survey was conducted in 2021. It was distributed to senior clinicians in all DHBs via the NSN.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services, representing 90% of DHBs. Sixty-three percent of services reported some process for screening for psychosocial needs. Of these, only 11% used validated screens. Variability in the type of psychosocial support was evident. Seven percent of services had routine access to psychology, while 53% could access psychology on referral. There was limited evidence of specific screening and support processes for Māori, Pacific peoples, or those with communication impairments. Respondents identified training and resources needs to enable better psychosocial care.
Conclusion
Stroke services are not consistently meeting national guidelines which require all services have a process for screening for psychosocial needs. This survey has informed a work programme to support psychosocial care practices in stroke services in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Author Information
Acknowledgements
Correspondence
Correspondence Email
Competing Interests
1) Ranta A. Projected stroke volumes to provide a 10-year direction for New Zealand stroke services. N Z Med J. 2018 Jun 22;131(1477):15-28.
2) Guo J, Wang J, Sun W, Liu X. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. J Neurol. 2022 Mar;269(3):1236-1249. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4.
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Psychosocial care in DHB-based stroke services in Aotearoa: a survey of current practice
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Stroke is increasingly common in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is the third most common cause of death and disability, with around 9,000 New Zealanders being affected by stroke each year.[[1]] Despite the incidence of strokes declining, as the population ages, the number of strokes is anticipated to increase, with a corresponding increase in the number of people living with stroke.[[1]] Many people with stroke live with ongoing psychosocial impacts of stroke which affect their quality of life and stroke outcomes. While the term “psychosocial” can be understood in many ways, for this work, we use it to refer to the psychological, social and emotional impacts of stroke. Rates of psychological diagnoses are high, with one in three stroke survivors experiencing depression,[[2]] and with one in five experiencing anxiety after stroke.[[3]] These can develop at any time post-stroke, with two-thirds of people with depression developing it at least 3 months after stroke.[[4]] Rates are higher in those with communication impairments.[[5]] People experience changes in roles and social networks.[[6]] Emotional impacts include grief, hopelessness, apathy, personality changes and loss of identity.[[7,8]] Depression, anxiety, and perceived social isolation are associated with poorer outcomes after stroke[[9–11]] while social support is associated with positive outcomes.[[11]] There are clear associations between social supports, depression, and quality of life.[[12]] Given that psychosocial wellbeing is a priority outcome for people with stroke,[[13]] that psychosocial factors are associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes[[9–11]] and many are modifiable,[[14]] it is important to identify impacts early and intervene in a timely manner to facilitate recovery after stroke.
In Aotearoa, research and policy documents have identified that psychosocial needs should be a priority area for services.[[15,16]] The National Stroke Network (NSN) developed a stroke rehabilitation strategy in 2018 to specify core standards for rehabilitation.[[15]] This requires services to “ensure that all patients with suspected psychosocial needs are screened and where needs are identified, are offered appropriate timely interventions”.[[15]] In 2020, Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation was developed to support the enactment of the strategy,[[17]] and details high-level practice recommendations and priorities for action.[[17]] With regard to psychosocial screening, it requires services have a documented process or protocol to ensure that all patients are screened for psychosocial needs—which reflects that all people with stroke are likely to have psychosocial needs.[[18]] To help services to meet the standards in Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation, a psychosocial working group was established to develop a model of care and produce resources to support services to meet the NSN standard. This working group incorporates service providers across the continuum of care and non-governmental organisations, people living with stroke and whānau, and academics. This paper reports the outcome of the first action of the working group: a 2021 survey conducted to understand how psychosocial care is currently provided by stroke services in Aotearoa.
Method
The purposes of the survey were to: (a) collect information on current psychosocial screening and intervention practices, and (b) gather clinician and service perspectives on resources needed to improve psychosocial care. The survey questions are provided in Appendix 1. The survey was designed by the authors before being trialled with members of the working group; questions were refined after their feedback. Within the survey, nine questions were asked relating to six topics:
• Disciplines available
• How psychosocial needs are identified
• Current practices for supporting psychosocial needs
• Resources used to support wellbeing
• Services available beyond organised stroke care
• Identified resource and training needs.
The survey was circulated to clinical leads across medical, nursing and allied health disciplines using the mailing list of the NSN in July 2021. This included staff from every district health board (DHB). Recipients were requested to complete the survey (online via Survey Monkey) with their teams; it was suggested that it should be completed at a service level (e.g., with one response from the acute stroke unit) rather than by multiple individuals within the service. In the instance of multiple services across one DHB, it was suggested that each service should provide a response as staffing and care practices and processes may differ across services or sites.
Data management presented challenges due to variability in the responses received. This reflects the different ways stroke services are structured across Aotearoa, and reflects how each organisation provided its responses. Some DHBs provided one response on behalf of all stroke services (hyperacute, acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation) while others provided responses for each service. For the purposes of analysis, if the responses only discussed the continuum and it was not possible to identify what related to each type of service, this was classified as “continuum of care”. When it was possible to identify which responses related to specific services (e.g., acute or inpatient rehabilitation), then the data were analysed with like data. Many DHBs operated hybrid stroke services (e.g., integrated acute care and inpatient rehabilitation); in these instances, data were analysed alongside other acute data and inpatient rehabilitation data. Some responses addressed some, but not all questions.
Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis of qualitative responses.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services within 18 of the 20 DHBs. Of the responding DHBs, 14 were North Island DHBs and four were South Island. They represented DHBs in urban, regional and rural settings. The New Zealand clinical guidelines for stroke management[[19]] define DHBs as large, medium and small, based on population catchment and stroke occurrence. Responses were received from seven out of seven large DHBs, six out of six medium DHBs and five out of seven small DHBs. Of the 37 responses, 11 responses described the continuum of care within a DHB, six were from an acute service, two from a combined acute/inpatient rehabilitation service, eight an inpatient rehabilitation service, two from combined inpatient rehabilitation and community services, and eight from a community service.
Psychosocial screening practices
Respondents were asked to say how psychosocial needs are identified, and if routine screening occurs, how this occurs, including details of screening approaches and/or tools used. We received 35 responses to these questions, from 16 DHBs, and results are summarised in Table 1.
View Tables 1–3.
Forty percent of respondents (n=14) reported there was no routine screening of psychosocial needs within their service. In services that reported some approach to screening, initial disciplinary assessments were the primary occasion for identifying psychosocial issues. Free-text responses described this with phrases such as “asked by MDT in subjective assessments” in acute care or “medical and nursing screen” in inpatient rehabilitation. As such, what was screened was not clear for most services. Several services described comprehensive and holistic screening processes. One inpatient service considered multiple domains of wellbeing such as motivation, behaviour, sleep, whānau support and carer stress, which then were discussed and addressed within daily rapid rounds and weekly multidisciplinary team meetings. Several community services described gathering information about wellbeing on the referral form, asking specific questions relating to holistic domains of wellbeing in initial transdisciplinary assessments (holistic assessments covering different domains relevant to stroke, completed by one team member) such as asking about mood, social supports, finances, sexuality, relationships, and in some instances, also completing validated screening. These examples reflect clear processes for reviewing and addressing wellbeing. Five services used validated psychosocial screening tools. These included the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) or the Patient Health Questionnarie-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Depression Intensity Scale Circles (DISCs) or the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ) for those with communication impairments. Even with specified screening policies and tools, screening did not consistently occur. In the free-text box, one respondent identified that while they had a DHB-wide policy and screening process using a validated tool, in practice “this does not always occur”. No services used culturally specific tools, or described screening processes which reflected Māori models of hauora.
In the absence of routine screening (37% of responses), respondents described psychosocial needs being identified through staff observations and conversations with patients and families. However, free text responses indicated this could be “ad hoc” or “hit and miss”.
Interventions to support wellbeing
Three patterns of support were identified through free-text responses to the question, “How is the psychosocial wellbeing of people with strokes currently supported within the service?”, a question answered by 32 of the 37 respondents.
The first pattern (n=3 responses; one each from acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation services) was that respondents stated psychosocial wellbeing supports were limited, with responses such as “it is not supported”, “poor”, and “not supported beyond general enquiry”.
The second pattern (n=24 responses) predominantly described referrals to different providers: psychologists or social workers within the team, chaplains, cultural support services, liaison psychiatry within hospital services, or external supports such as general practitioners (GPs) or stroke-centred non-governmental organisations. These respondents provided little detail regarding everyday psychosocial supports provided by multidisciplinary members of the stroke team.
The third pattern (n=5 responses; three joint acute/inpatient services, one acute, and one community rehabilitation service) reflected multi-layered approaches to psychosocial care provided by multidisciplinary team members within the stroke service. A variety of interventions were described, from universal approaches with all patients through to specialist input for identified psychological needs, shown in Table 2. These respondents also described models of care that prioritised holistic care, which included regular staff training on wellbeing, a ward environment that supported whānau involvement, and attending to staff wellbeing, seeing this as a core aspect of them supporting patient and whānau wellbeing.
The survey prompted some services to identify how they supported the psychosocial needs of Māori and Pacific peoples. Responses predominantly specifed referring to cultural support services; several specified whānau involvement through regular communication between staff and whānau, whānau rooms, and longer visiting hours as strategies in supporting wellbeing. One non-urban community service described connecting with visiting kaumatua and supporting connection with valued community activities.
While specific disciplines and services were reported to be instrumental in providing psychosocial support (specifically social work, psychology, and cultural support services), limited availability was also reported. This is summarised in Table 3. Some free-text responses suggested that the actual availability of these disciplines may be less than what the numbers suggest. For instance, one DHB with two acute services stated that at one hospital, social work was available one-to-two times a week, while in the larger hospital, social work was routinely available. Another acute service indicated that the only specialist mental health support was from liaison psychiatry but was difficult to access as psychosocial responses were considered a normal reaction to stroke, rather than something requiring specialist input. One DHB-wide community service highlighted geographical differences within the service, stating “psychology (almost entirely non-existent) can only be accessed on referral” in one part of the DHB that only 10% of patients resided within. The other 90% of stroke patients in the DHB had no access to psychology or social work. The nature of their involvement was rarely specified, for instance, whether services were stroke-specific or if staff were resourced and able to provide comprehensive psychosocial support.
Resource needs to improve psychosocial screening and care
Using open-ended questions, we asked respondents to identify training and resource needs. Respondents sought a national approach to screening that was culturally appropriate, reflected holistic understandings of wellbeing such as addressing identity, values, whānau and adjustment, and incorporated Māori models of health. Alongside this, respondents identified the need for better training in understanding and identifying psychosocial needs, and the need for care pathways so that there were clear processes and supports available and accessible if psychosocial issues were identified. To equip clinicians to provide comprehensive psychosocial support, a number of needs were identified:
1. Education addressing:
• The importance of providing psychosocial support. Respondents suggested this education should be provided to the whole team, including support and ward-based staff.
• Specific interventions such as Motivational Interviewing.
• Specific psychosocial issues such as risk assessment, emotional changes, supporting engagement in people who are depressed or anxious, managing difficult behaviour, knowing when specialist support is required.
2. Resources for patients and family on the different impacts of stroke.
3. Improved staffing within the team, including routine access to social workers and psychology, and ensuring that staff with specialist psychosocial skills and knowledge have capacity to support patients, whānau and teams.
Discussion
This survey sought to identify current psychosocial screening and intervention practices in Aotearoa New Zealand, and to resource needs to support service development.
Clear variability in screening was evident, both within DHBs and between DHBs. Current approaches to screening are inconsistent. Five services reported routine screening using a validated screening tool and/or psychosocial assessment. This is an improvement on 2014 research that showed only 7% of services completed screening for >90% of patients.[[20]] However, there is still progress to be made. Screening processes should be universal, attend to different domains likely to be impacted by stroke, and be embedded throughout the continuum of care to ensure issues are identified in a timely manner.[[18,21]] This includes ongoing review in primary care.
No services identified using culturally informed screening processes for Māori or people of other cultural groups. It is imperative that screening processes are culturally responsive, reflect cultural perspectives on wellbeing, and are culturally safe.[[22]] Additionally, all clinicians and services are able to be culturally safe, responsive to and supporting people’s cultural needs and broader sense of oranga (wellbeing), to avoid perpetuating inequities in experience and outcome.[[23,24]]
When psychosocial issues are identified, timely, evidence-based intervention is important.[[25]] A wide variety of approaches to supporting wellbeing were evident. Some respondents identified psychosocial care was an area that was not addressed well—this reflects patients’ experiences of services.[[26]] Some responses focused on referrals to specialist support (cultural support, social work, psychology); however, there were also comprehensive examples of holistic psychosocial care within services. These examples reflect best practice approaches such as the Stepped Care Model,[[27]] and may provide a useful model for clinicians and services wishing to enhance practice.
All staff working in stroke care, across the continuum of care, should be able to provide support for common post-stroke psychosocial changes.[[27]] Specialised support should be available from appropriately trained staff, and from specialist psychologists and psychiatrists for those with more significant psychosocial and psychological difficulties. This is important as best-practice guidelines recommend talking therapies are a first line treatment for depression; medical teams can also consider a trial of antidepressants.[[18]] It is clear from survey results, however, that access to specialist psychological services is limited.
This survey indicates there is a need for better and wider access to specialist psychological support; however, it also highlights there is a need and appetite for building the knowledge, skills and supports for stroke-specialist staff. Building capability within the stroke team is likely to improve psychosocial care and better meet the needs of patients.[[5,27]] The creation of Te Whatu Ora and larger localities may offer more opportunities for providing education for multidisciplinary staff, and collaboration and connection with specialist support across hospitals and services and between tertiary and primary care.
The results of this survey have led to the development of a resource to support services to identify and address psychosocial needs after stroke.[[28]] It provides scripts for asking about wellbeing, and recommends that specific validated screens are completed at transition points, or if staff have concerns. These are PHQ-9 and GAD-7, or the HADS. If the person has communication impairments, clinicians could consider the SADQ-10 or DISCs, and Behavioural Observation of Anxiety (BOA). It also identifies a range of strategies clinicians can use to support wellbeing. Ongoing professional development will occur throughout 2023.
The findings of this survey do have some limitations. There were inconsistencies in how services responded, limiting our ability to draw conclusive findings from comparisons within and across service types; this would require a different research approach. Responses to open-ended questions varied significantly in the depth provided. This does not reflect that one represents a better approach to care than others. Instead, it reflects the nature of the survey design and possibly respondent time.
There is clear recognition of the need for improved psychosocial care for people with stroke in Aotearoa New Zealand. The high rate of responses to this survey indicate a wide-spread interest in enhancing care. This survey provides a valuable platform for future practice and policy development, which should aim to better equip clinicians to support wellbeing. It is vital that services improve psychosocial care to enable better experiences and outcomes for people impacted by stroke.
View Appendix.
Summary
Abstract
Aim
Stroke has significant psychosocial impacts which contribute to burden for the person with stroke and affect stroke outcomes. The Psychosocial Working Group of the National Stroke Network (NSN) sought to survey current practices for assessing and supporting psychosocial needs within district health board (DHB) based stroke services to inform national service delivery initiatives.
Method
The survey was conducted in 2021. It was distributed to senior clinicians in all DHBs via the NSN.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services, representing 90% of DHBs. Sixty-three percent of services reported some process for screening for psychosocial needs. Of these, only 11% used validated screens. Variability in the type of psychosocial support was evident. Seven percent of services had routine access to psychology, while 53% could access psychology on referral. There was limited evidence of specific screening and support processes for Māori, Pacific peoples, or those with communication impairments. Respondents identified training and resources needs to enable better psychosocial care.
Conclusion
Stroke services are not consistently meeting national guidelines which require all services have a process for screening for psychosocial needs. This survey has informed a work programme to support psychosocial care practices in stroke services in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Author Information
Acknowledgements
Correspondence
Correspondence Email
Competing Interests
1) Ranta A. Projected stroke volumes to provide a 10-year direction for New Zealand stroke services. N Z Med J. 2018 Jun 22;131(1477):15-28.
2) Guo J, Wang J, Sun W, Liu X. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. J Neurol. 2022 Mar;269(3):1236-1249. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4.
3) Knapp P, Dunn-Roberts A, Sahib N, Cook L, Astin F, Kontou E, et al. Frequency of anxiety after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(3):244-55. Apr;15(3):244-255. doi: 10.1177/1747493019896958. Erratum in: Int J Stroke. 2021 Dec;16(9):NP2.
4) Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Crichton S, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. The natural history of depression up to 15 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013 Apr;44(4):1105-10. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.679340.
5) Kristo I, Mowll J. Voicing the perspectives of stroke survivors with aphasia: A rapid evidence review of post-stroke mental health, screening practices and lived experiences. Health Soc Care Community. 2022 Jul;30(4):e898-e908. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13694.
6) Azios JH, Strong KA, Archer B, Douglas NF, Simmons-Mackie N, Worrall L. Friendship matters: a research agenda for aphasia. Aphasiology. 2021:1-20.
7) Ferro JM, Santos AC. Emotions after stroke: A narrative update. Int J Stroke. 2020 Apr;15(3):256-67. doi: 10.1177/1747493019879662.
8) Ellis-Hill C, Horn S. Change in identity and self-concept: A new theoretical approach to recovery following a stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2000 Jun;14(3):279-87. doi: 10.1191/026921500671231410.
9) Kutlubaev MA, Hackett ML. Part II: predictors of depression after stroke and impact of depression on stroke outcome: an updated systematic review of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2014 Dec;9(8):1026-36. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12356.
10) de Graaf JA, Schepers VPM, Nijsse B, van Heugten CM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA. The influence of psychological factors and mood on the course of participation up to four years after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2022 May;44(10):1855-1862. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1808089.
11) Boden-Albala B, Litwak E, Elkind MSV, Rundek T, Sacco RL. Social isolation and outcomes post stroke. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1888-92. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000163510.79351.AF.
12) Schindel D, Schneider A, Grittner U, Jöbges M, Schenk L. Quality of life after stroke rehabilitation discharge: a 12-month longitudinal study. Disabil Rehabil. 2021 Aug;43(16):2332-2341. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1699173.
13) Hill G, Regan S, Francis R, Mead G, Thomas S, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al. Research priorities to improve stroke outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Apr;21(4):312-313. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00044-8.
14) Allida S, Cox KL, Hsieh CF, Lang H, House A, Hackett ML. Pharmacological, psychological, and non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 28;1(1):CD003437. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003437.pub4.
15) Green G, Maddula M. New Zealand Stroke Rehabilitation: A Strategy [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2018 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.strokenetwork.org.nz/resources/rehab-strategy.
16) Theadom A, Rutherford SJ, Kent B, McPherson KM. The process of adjustment over time following stroke: A longitudinal qualitative study. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019 Oct;29(9):1464-1474. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1440609.
17) National Stroke Network - Rehabilitation Working Group. Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.strokenetwork.org.nz/resources/recommendations-rehabilitation-for-stroke-patients.
18) Lanctôt KL, Lindsay MP, Smith EE, Sahlas DJ, Foley N, Gubitz G, et al. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Mood, Cognition and Fatigue following Stroke, 6th edition update 2019. Int J Stroke. 2020 Aug;15(6):668-88. doi: 10.1177/1747493019847334.
19) Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. Clinical guidelines for stroke management [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: Stroke Foundation of New Zealand; 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-clinical-guidelines-stroke-management-2010.
20) McNaughton H, McRae A, Green G, Abernathy G, Gommans J. Stroke rehabilitation services in New Zealand: A survey of service configuration, capacity and guideline adherence. N Z Med J. 2014 Sep 12;127(1402):10-9.
21) Gilham S, Clark L. Psychological care after stroke [Internet]. London, United Kingdom: NHS Improvement; 2011. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/media/default/sharedlearning/531_strokepsychologicalsupportfinal.pdf.
22) Dudley M, Wilson D, Barker-Collo S. Cultural invisibility: Māori people with traumatic brain injury and their experiences of neuropsychological assessments. NZ J Psychol. 2014;43(3):14-21. Available from: https://www.psychology.org.nz/journal-archive/Cultural-Invisibility.pdf.
23) Thompson SG, Barber PA, Gommans JH, Cadilhac DA, Davis A, Fink JN, et al. The impact of ethnicity on stroke care access and patient outcomes: a New Zealand nationwide observational study. Lancet Reg HealthWest Pac. 2022 Jan 3;20:100358. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100358.
24) McLellan KM, McCann CM, Worrall L, Harwood M. Māori experiences of aphasia therapy: "But I'm from Hauiti and we've got shags". Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2014 Oct;16(5):5219-40. doi: 10.3109/17549507.2013.864334.
25) Mountain A, Patrice Lindsay M, Teasell R, Salbach NM, de Jong A, Foley N, et al. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Rehabilitation, Recovery, and Community Participation following Stroke. Part Two: Transitions and Community Participation Following Stroke. Int J Stroke. 2020 Oct;15(7):789-806. doi: 10.1177/1747493019897847.
26) Stroke Association. Feeling Overwhelmed [Internet]. United Kingdom: 2015. Available from: https://www.stroke.org.uk/sites/default/files/feeling_overwhelmed_final_web_0.pdf.
27) Kneebone II. Stepped psychological care after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2016 Sep;38(18):1836-43. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1107764.
28) Bright FAS, Davison J, on behalf of the Psychosocial Working Group. Supporting psychosocial well-being after stroke. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 22]. Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/623a8069f9d2f75196b75b1b/t/637bfc412749627d280748b7/1669069947407/NSN+Psychosocial+toolkit++Doc_FINAL.pdf.
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Psychosocial care in DHB-based stroke services in Aotearoa: a survey of current practice
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Stroke is increasingly common in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is the third most common cause of death and disability, with around 9,000 New Zealanders being affected by stroke each year.[[1]] Despite the incidence of strokes declining, as the population ages, the number of strokes is anticipated to increase, with a corresponding increase in the number of people living with stroke.[[1]] Many people with stroke live with ongoing psychosocial impacts of stroke which affect their quality of life and stroke outcomes. While the term “psychosocial” can be understood in many ways, for this work, we use it to refer to the psychological, social and emotional impacts of stroke. Rates of psychological diagnoses are high, with one in three stroke survivors experiencing depression,[[2]] and with one in five experiencing anxiety after stroke.[[3]] These can develop at any time post-stroke, with two-thirds of people with depression developing it at least 3 months after stroke.[[4]] Rates are higher in those with communication impairments.[[5]] People experience changes in roles and social networks.[[6]] Emotional impacts include grief, hopelessness, apathy, personality changes and loss of identity.[[7,8]] Depression, anxiety, and perceived social isolation are associated with poorer outcomes after stroke[[9–11]] while social support is associated with positive outcomes.[[11]] There are clear associations between social supports, depression, and quality of life.[[12]] Given that psychosocial wellbeing is a priority outcome for people with stroke,[[13]] that psychosocial factors are associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes[[9–11]] and many are modifiable,[[14]] it is important to identify impacts early and intervene in a timely manner to facilitate recovery after stroke.
In Aotearoa, research and policy documents have identified that psychosocial needs should be a priority area for services.[[15,16]] The National Stroke Network (NSN) developed a stroke rehabilitation strategy in 2018 to specify core standards for rehabilitation.[[15]] This requires services to “ensure that all patients with suspected psychosocial needs are screened and where needs are identified, are offered appropriate timely interventions”.[[15]] In 2020, Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation was developed to support the enactment of the strategy,[[17]] and details high-level practice recommendations and priorities for action.[[17]] With regard to psychosocial screening, it requires services have a documented process or protocol to ensure that all patients are screened for psychosocial needs—which reflects that all people with stroke are likely to have psychosocial needs.[[18]] To help services to meet the standards in Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation, a psychosocial working group was established to develop a model of care and produce resources to support services to meet the NSN standard. This working group incorporates service providers across the continuum of care and non-governmental organisations, people living with stroke and whānau, and academics. This paper reports the outcome of the first action of the working group: a 2021 survey conducted to understand how psychosocial care is currently provided by stroke services in Aotearoa.
Method
The purposes of the survey were to: (a) collect information on current psychosocial screening and intervention practices, and (b) gather clinician and service perspectives on resources needed to improve psychosocial care. The survey questions are provided in Appendix 1. The survey was designed by the authors before being trialled with members of the working group; questions were refined after their feedback. Within the survey, nine questions were asked relating to six topics:
• Disciplines available
• How psychosocial needs are identified
• Current practices for supporting psychosocial needs
• Resources used to support wellbeing
• Services available beyond organised stroke care
• Identified resource and training needs.
The survey was circulated to clinical leads across medical, nursing and allied health disciplines using the mailing list of the NSN in July 2021. This included staff from every district health board (DHB). Recipients were requested to complete the survey (online via Survey Monkey) with their teams; it was suggested that it should be completed at a service level (e.g., with one response from the acute stroke unit) rather than by multiple individuals within the service. In the instance of multiple services across one DHB, it was suggested that each service should provide a response as staffing and care practices and processes may differ across services or sites.
Data management presented challenges due to variability in the responses received. This reflects the different ways stroke services are structured across Aotearoa, and reflects how each organisation provided its responses. Some DHBs provided one response on behalf of all stroke services (hyperacute, acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation) while others provided responses for each service. For the purposes of analysis, if the responses only discussed the continuum and it was not possible to identify what related to each type of service, this was classified as “continuum of care”. When it was possible to identify which responses related to specific services (e.g., acute or inpatient rehabilitation), then the data were analysed with like data. Many DHBs operated hybrid stroke services (e.g., integrated acute care and inpatient rehabilitation); in these instances, data were analysed alongside other acute data and inpatient rehabilitation data. Some responses addressed some, but not all questions.
Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis of qualitative responses.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services within 18 of the 20 DHBs. Of the responding DHBs, 14 were North Island DHBs and four were South Island. They represented DHBs in urban, regional and rural settings. The New Zealand clinical guidelines for stroke management[[19]] define DHBs as large, medium and small, based on population catchment and stroke occurrence. Responses were received from seven out of seven large DHBs, six out of six medium DHBs and five out of seven small DHBs. Of the 37 responses, 11 responses described the continuum of care within a DHB, six were from an acute service, two from a combined acute/inpatient rehabilitation service, eight an inpatient rehabilitation service, two from combined inpatient rehabilitation and community services, and eight from a community service.
Psychosocial screening practices
Respondents were asked to say how psychosocial needs are identified, and if routine screening occurs, how this occurs, including details of screening approaches and/or tools used. We received 35 responses to these questions, from 16 DHBs, and results are summarised in Table 1.
View Tables 1–3.
Forty percent of respondents (n=14) reported there was no routine screening of psychosocial needs within their service. In services that reported some approach to screening, initial disciplinary assessments were the primary occasion for identifying psychosocial issues. Free-text responses described this with phrases such as “asked by MDT in subjective assessments” in acute care or “medical and nursing screen” in inpatient rehabilitation. As such, what was screened was not clear for most services. Several services described comprehensive and holistic screening processes. One inpatient service considered multiple domains of wellbeing such as motivation, behaviour, sleep, whānau support and carer stress, which then were discussed and addressed within daily rapid rounds and weekly multidisciplinary team meetings. Several community services described gathering information about wellbeing on the referral form, asking specific questions relating to holistic domains of wellbeing in initial transdisciplinary assessments (holistic assessments covering different domains relevant to stroke, completed by one team member) such as asking about mood, social supports, finances, sexuality, relationships, and in some instances, also completing validated screening. These examples reflect clear processes for reviewing and addressing wellbeing. Five services used validated psychosocial screening tools. These included the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) or the Patient Health Questionnarie-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Depression Intensity Scale Circles (DISCs) or the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ) for those with communication impairments. Even with specified screening policies and tools, screening did not consistently occur. In the free-text box, one respondent identified that while they had a DHB-wide policy and screening process using a validated tool, in practice “this does not always occur”. No services used culturally specific tools, or described screening processes which reflected Māori models of hauora.
In the absence of routine screening (37% of responses), respondents described psychosocial needs being identified through staff observations and conversations with patients and families. However, free text responses indicated this could be “ad hoc” or “hit and miss”.
Interventions to support wellbeing
Three patterns of support were identified through free-text responses to the question, “How is the psychosocial wellbeing of people with strokes currently supported within the service?”, a question answered by 32 of the 37 respondents.
The first pattern (n=3 responses; one each from acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation services) was that respondents stated psychosocial wellbeing supports were limited, with responses such as “it is not supported”, “poor”, and “not supported beyond general enquiry”.
The second pattern (n=24 responses) predominantly described referrals to different providers: psychologists or social workers within the team, chaplains, cultural support services, liaison psychiatry within hospital services, or external supports such as general practitioners (GPs) or stroke-centred non-governmental organisations. These respondents provided little detail regarding everyday psychosocial supports provided by multidisciplinary members of the stroke team.
The third pattern (n=5 responses; three joint acute/inpatient services, one acute, and one community rehabilitation service) reflected multi-layered approaches to psychosocial care provided by multidisciplinary team members within the stroke service. A variety of interventions were described, from universal approaches with all patients through to specialist input for identified psychological needs, shown in Table 2. These respondents also described models of care that prioritised holistic care, which included regular staff training on wellbeing, a ward environment that supported whānau involvement, and attending to staff wellbeing, seeing this as a core aspect of them supporting patient and whānau wellbeing.
The survey prompted some services to identify how they supported the psychosocial needs of Māori and Pacific peoples. Responses predominantly specifed referring to cultural support services; several specified whānau involvement through regular communication between staff and whānau, whānau rooms, and longer visiting hours as strategies in supporting wellbeing. One non-urban community service described connecting with visiting kaumatua and supporting connection with valued community activities.
While specific disciplines and services were reported to be instrumental in providing psychosocial support (specifically social work, psychology, and cultural support services), limited availability was also reported. This is summarised in Table 3. Some free-text responses suggested that the actual availability of these disciplines may be less than what the numbers suggest. For instance, one DHB with two acute services stated that at one hospital, social work was available one-to-two times a week, while in the larger hospital, social work was routinely available. Another acute service indicated that the only specialist mental health support was from liaison psychiatry but was difficult to access as psychosocial responses were considered a normal reaction to stroke, rather than something requiring specialist input. One DHB-wide community service highlighted geographical differences within the service, stating “psychology (almost entirely non-existent) can only be accessed on referral” in one part of the DHB that only 10% of patients resided within. The other 90% of stroke patients in the DHB had no access to psychology or social work. The nature of their involvement was rarely specified, for instance, whether services were stroke-specific or if staff were resourced and able to provide comprehensive psychosocial support.
Resource needs to improve psychosocial screening and care
Using open-ended questions, we asked respondents to identify training and resource needs. Respondents sought a national approach to screening that was culturally appropriate, reflected holistic understandings of wellbeing such as addressing identity, values, whānau and adjustment, and incorporated Māori models of health. Alongside this, respondents identified the need for better training in understanding and identifying psychosocial needs, and the need for care pathways so that there were clear processes and supports available and accessible if psychosocial issues were identified. To equip clinicians to provide comprehensive psychosocial support, a number of needs were identified:
1. Education addressing:
• The importance of providing psychosocial support. Respondents suggested this education should be provided to the whole team, including support and ward-based staff.
• Specific interventions such as Motivational Interviewing.
• Specific psychosocial issues such as risk assessment, emotional changes, supporting engagement in people who are depressed or anxious, managing difficult behaviour, knowing when specialist support is required.
2. Resources for patients and family on the different impacts of stroke.
3. Improved staffing within the team, including routine access to social workers and psychology, and ensuring that staff with specialist psychosocial skills and knowledge have capacity to support patients, whānau and teams.
Discussion
This survey sought to identify current psychosocial screening and intervention practices in Aotearoa New Zealand, and to resource needs to support service development.
Clear variability in screening was evident, both within DHBs and between DHBs. Current approaches to screening are inconsistent. Five services reported routine screening using a validated screening tool and/or psychosocial assessment. This is an improvement on 2014 research that showed only 7% of services completed screening for >90% of patients.[[20]] However, there is still progress to be made. Screening processes should be universal, attend to different domains likely to be impacted by stroke, and be embedded throughout the continuum of care to ensure issues are identified in a timely manner.[[18,21]] This includes ongoing review in primary care.
No services identified using culturally informed screening processes for Māori or people of other cultural groups. It is imperative that screening processes are culturally responsive, reflect cultural perspectives on wellbeing, and are culturally safe.[[22]] Additionally, all clinicians and services are able to be culturally safe, responsive to and supporting people’s cultural needs and broader sense of oranga (wellbeing), to avoid perpetuating inequities in experience and outcome.[[23,24]]
When psychosocial issues are identified, timely, evidence-based intervention is important.[[25]] A wide variety of approaches to supporting wellbeing were evident. Some respondents identified psychosocial care was an area that was not addressed well—this reflects patients’ experiences of services.[[26]] Some responses focused on referrals to specialist support (cultural support, social work, psychology); however, there were also comprehensive examples of holistic psychosocial care within services. These examples reflect best practice approaches such as the Stepped Care Model,[[27]] and may provide a useful model for clinicians and services wishing to enhance practice.
All staff working in stroke care, across the continuum of care, should be able to provide support for common post-stroke psychosocial changes.[[27]] Specialised support should be available from appropriately trained staff, and from specialist psychologists and psychiatrists for those with more significant psychosocial and psychological difficulties. This is important as best-practice guidelines recommend talking therapies are a first line treatment for depression; medical teams can also consider a trial of antidepressants.[[18]] It is clear from survey results, however, that access to specialist psychological services is limited.
This survey indicates there is a need for better and wider access to specialist psychological support; however, it also highlights there is a need and appetite for building the knowledge, skills and supports for stroke-specialist staff. Building capability within the stroke team is likely to improve psychosocial care and better meet the needs of patients.[[5,27]] The creation of Te Whatu Ora and larger localities may offer more opportunities for providing education for multidisciplinary staff, and collaboration and connection with specialist support across hospitals and services and between tertiary and primary care.
The results of this survey have led to the development of a resource to support services to identify and address psychosocial needs after stroke.[[28]] It provides scripts for asking about wellbeing, and recommends that specific validated screens are completed at transition points, or if staff have concerns. These are PHQ-9 and GAD-7, or the HADS. If the person has communication impairments, clinicians could consider the SADQ-10 or DISCs, and Behavioural Observation of Anxiety (BOA). It also identifies a range of strategies clinicians can use to support wellbeing. Ongoing professional development will occur throughout 2023.
The findings of this survey do have some limitations. There were inconsistencies in how services responded, limiting our ability to draw conclusive findings from comparisons within and across service types; this would require a different research approach. Responses to open-ended questions varied significantly in the depth provided. This does not reflect that one represents a better approach to care than others. Instead, it reflects the nature of the survey design and possibly respondent time.
There is clear recognition of the need for improved psychosocial care for people with stroke in Aotearoa New Zealand. The high rate of responses to this survey indicate a wide-spread interest in enhancing care. This survey provides a valuable platform for future practice and policy development, which should aim to better equip clinicians to support wellbeing. It is vital that services improve psychosocial care to enable better experiences and outcomes for people impacted by stroke.
View Appendix.
Summary
Abstract
Aim
Stroke has significant psychosocial impacts which contribute to burden for the person with stroke and affect stroke outcomes. The Psychosocial Working Group of the National Stroke Network (NSN) sought to survey current practices for assessing and supporting psychosocial needs within district health board (DHB) based stroke services to inform national service delivery initiatives.
Method
The survey was conducted in 2021. It was distributed to senior clinicians in all DHBs via the NSN.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services, representing 90% of DHBs. Sixty-three percent of services reported some process for screening for psychosocial needs. Of these, only 11% used validated screens. Variability in the type of psychosocial support was evident. Seven percent of services had routine access to psychology, while 53% could access psychology on referral. There was limited evidence of specific screening and support processes for Māori, Pacific peoples, or those with communication impairments. Respondents identified training and resources needs to enable better psychosocial care.
Conclusion
Stroke services are not consistently meeting national guidelines which require all services have a process for screening for psychosocial needs. This survey has informed a work programme to support psychosocial care practices in stroke services in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Author Information
Acknowledgements
Correspondence
Correspondence Email
Competing Interests
1) Ranta A. Projected stroke volumes to provide a 10-year direction for New Zealand stroke services. N Z Med J. 2018 Jun 22;131(1477):15-28.
2) Guo J, Wang J, Sun W, Liu X. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. J Neurol. 2022 Mar;269(3):1236-1249. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4.
3) Knapp P, Dunn-Roberts A, Sahib N, Cook L, Astin F, Kontou E, et al. Frequency of anxiety after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(3):244-55. Apr;15(3):244-255. doi: 10.1177/1747493019896958. Erratum in: Int J Stroke. 2021 Dec;16(9):NP2.
4) Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Crichton S, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. The natural history of depression up to 15 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013 Apr;44(4):1105-10. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.679340.
5) Kristo I, Mowll J. Voicing the perspectives of stroke survivors with aphasia: A rapid evidence review of post-stroke mental health, screening practices and lived experiences. Health Soc Care Community. 2022 Jul;30(4):e898-e908. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13694.
6) Azios JH, Strong KA, Archer B, Douglas NF, Simmons-Mackie N, Worrall L. Friendship matters: a research agenda for aphasia. Aphasiology. 2021:1-20.
7) Ferro JM, Santos AC. Emotions after stroke: A narrative update. Int J Stroke. 2020 Apr;15(3):256-67. doi: 10.1177/1747493019879662.
8) Ellis-Hill C, Horn S. Change in identity and self-concept: A new theoretical approach to recovery following a stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2000 Jun;14(3):279-87. doi: 10.1191/026921500671231410.
9) Kutlubaev MA, Hackett ML. Part II: predictors of depression after stroke and impact of depression on stroke outcome: an updated systematic review of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2014 Dec;9(8):1026-36. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12356.
10) de Graaf JA, Schepers VPM, Nijsse B, van Heugten CM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA. The influence of psychological factors and mood on the course of participation up to four years after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2022 May;44(10):1855-1862. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1808089.
11) Boden-Albala B, Litwak E, Elkind MSV, Rundek T, Sacco RL. Social isolation and outcomes post stroke. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1888-92. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000163510.79351.AF.
12) Schindel D, Schneider A, Grittner U, Jöbges M, Schenk L. Quality of life after stroke rehabilitation discharge: a 12-month longitudinal study. Disabil Rehabil. 2021 Aug;43(16):2332-2341. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1699173.
13) Hill G, Regan S, Francis R, Mead G, Thomas S, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al. Research priorities to improve stroke outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Apr;21(4):312-313. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00044-8.
14) Allida S, Cox KL, Hsieh CF, Lang H, House A, Hackett ML. Pharmacological, psychological, and non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 28;1(1):CD003437. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003437.pub4.
15) Green G, Maddula M. New Zealand Stroke Rehabilitation: A Strategy [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2018 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.strokenetwork.org.nz/resources/rehab-strategy.
16) Theadom A, Rutherford SJ, Kent B, McPherson KM. The process of adjustment over time following stroke: A longitudinal qualitative study. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019 Oct;29(9):1464-1474. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1440609.
17) National Stroke Network - Rehabilitation Working Group. Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.strokenetwork.org.nz/resources/recommendations-rehabilitation-for-stroke-patients.
18) Lanctôt KL, Lindsay MP, Smith EE, Sahlas DJ, Foley N, Gubitz G, et al. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Mood, Cognition and Fatigue following Stroke, 6th edition update 2019. Int J Stroke. 2020 Aug;15(6):668-88. doi: 10.1177/1747493019847334.
19) Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. Clinical guidelines for stroke management [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: Stroke Foundation of New Zealand; 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-clinical-guidelines-stroke-management-2010.
20) McNaughton H, McRae A, Green G, Abernathy G, Gommans J. Stroke rehabilitation services in New Zealand: A survey of service configuration, capacity and guideline adherence. N Z Med J. 2014 Sep 12;127(1402):10-9.
21) Gilham S, Clark L. Psychological care after stroke [Internet]. London, United Kingdom: NHS Improvement; 2011. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/media/default/sharedlearning/531_strokepsychologicalsupportfinal.pdf.
22) Dudley M, Wilson D, Barker-Collo S. Cultural invisibility: Māori people with traumatic brain injury and their experiences of neuropsychological assessments. NZ J Psychol. 2014;43(3):14-21. Available from: https://www.psychology.org.nz/journal-archive/Cultural-Invisibility.pdf.
23) Thompson SG, Barber PA, Gommans JH, Cadilhac DA, Davis A, Fink JN, et al. The impact of ethnicity on stroke care access and patient outcomes: a New Zealand nationwide observational study. Lancet Reg HealthWest Pac. 2022 Jan 3;20:100358. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100358.
24) McLellan KM, McCann CM, Worrall L, Harwood M. Māori experiences of aphasia therapy: "But I'm from Hauiti and we've got shags". Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2014 Oct;16(5):5219-40. doi: 10.3109/17549507.2013.864334.
25) Mountain A, Patrice Lindsay M, Teasell R, Salbach NM, de Jong A, Foley N, et al. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Rehabilitation, Recovery, and Community Participation following Stroke. Part Two: Transitions and Community Participation Following Stroke. Int J Stroke. 2020 Oct;15(7):789-806. doi: 10.1177/1747493019897847.
26) Stroke Association. Feeling Overwhelmed [Internet]. United Kingdom: 2015. Available from: https://www.stroke.org.uk/sites/default/files/feeling_overwhelmed_final_web_0.pdf.
27) Kneebone II. Stepped psychological care after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2016 Sep;38(18):1836-43. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1107764.
28) Bright FAS, Davison J, on behalf of the Psychosocial Working Group. Supporting psychosocial well-being after stroke. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 22]. Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/623a8069f9d2f75196b75b1b/t/637bfc412749627d280748b7/1669069947407/NSN+Psychosocial+toolkit++Doc_FINAL.pdf.
Contact diana@nzma.org.nz
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Psychosocial care in DHB-based stroke services in Aotearoa: a survey of current practice
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Stroke is increasingly common in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is the third most common cause of death and disability, with around 9,000 New Zealanders being affected by stroke each year.[[1]] Despite the incidence of strokes declining, as the population ages, the number of strokes is anticipated to increase, with a corresponding increase in the number of people living with stroke.[[1]] Many people with stroke live with ongoing psychosocial impacts of stroke which affect their quality of life and stroke outcomes. While the term “psychosocial” can be understood in many ways, for this work, we use it to refer to the psychological, social and emotional impacts of stroke. Rates of psychological diagnoses are high, with one in three stroke survivors experiencing depression,[[2]] and with one in five experiencing anxiety after stroke.[[3]] These can develop at any time post-stroke, with two-thirds of people with depression developing it at least 3 months after stroke.[[4]] Rates are higher in those with communication impairments.[[5]] People experience changes in roles and social networks.[[6]] Emotional impacts include grief, hopelessness, apathy, personality changes and loss of identity.[[7,8]] Depression, anxiety, and perceived social isolation are associated with poorer outcomes after stroke[[9–11]] while social support is associated with positive outcomes.[[11]] There are clear associations between social supports, depression, and quality of life.[[12]] Given that psychosocial wellbeing is a priority outcome for people with stroke,[[13]] that psychosocial factors are associated with poorer rehabilitation outcomes[[9–11]] and many are modifiable,[[14]] it is important to identify impacts early and intervene in a timely manner to facilitate recovery after stroke.
In Aotearoa, research and policy documents have identified that psychosocial needs should be a priority area for services.[[15,16]] The National Stroke Network (NSN) developed a stroke rehabilitation strategy in 2018 to specify core standards for rehabilitation.[[15]] This requires services to “ensure that all patients with suspected psychosocial needs are screened and where needs are identified, are offered appropriate timely interventions”.[[15]] In 2020, Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation was developed to support the enactment of the strategy,[[17]] and details high-level practice recommendations and priorities for action.[[17]] With regard to psychosocial screening, it requires services have a documented process or protocol to ensure that all patients are screened for psychosocial needs—which reflects that all people with stroke are likely to have psychosocial needs.[[18]] To help services to meet the standards in Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation, a psychosocial working group was established to develop a model of care and produce resources to support services to meet the NSN standard. This working group incorporates service providers across the continuum of care and non-governmental organisations, people living with stroke and whānau, and academics. This paper reports the outcome of the first action of the working group: a 2021 survey conducted to understand how psychosocial care is currently provided by stroke services in Aotearoa.
Method
The purposes of the survey were to: (a) collect information on current psychosocial screening and intervention practices, and (b) gather clinician and service perspectives on resources needed to improve psychosocial care. The survey questions are provided in Appendix 1. The survey was designed by the authors before being trialled with members of the working group; questions were refined after their feedback. Within the survey, nine questions were asked relating to six topics:
• Disciplines available
• How psychosocial needs are identified
• Current practices for supporting psychosocial needs
• Resources used to support wellbeing
• Services available beyond organised stroke care
• Identified resource and training needs.
The survey was circulated to clinical leads across medical, nursing and allied health disciplines using the mailing list of the NSN in July 2021. This included staff from every district health board (DHB). Recipients were requested to complete the survey (online via Survey Monkey) with their teams; it was suggested that it should be completed at a service level (e.g., with one response from the acute stroke unit) rather than by multiple individuals within the service. In the instance of multiple services across one DHB, it was suggested that each service should provide a response as staffing and care practices and processes may differ across services or sites.
Data management presented challenges due to variability in the responses received. This reflects the different ways stroke services are structured across Aotearoa, and reflects how each organisation provided its responses. Some DHBs provided one response on behalf of all stroke services (hyperacute, acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation) while others provided responses for each service. For the purposes of analysis, if the responses only discussed the continuum and it was not possible to identify what related to each type of service, this was classified as “continuum of care”. When it was possible to identify which responses related to specific services (e.g., acute or inpatient rehabilitation), then the data were analysed with like data. Many DHBs operated hybrid stroke services (e.g., integrated acute care and inpatient rehabilitation); in these instances, data were analysed alongside other acute data and inpatient rehabilitation data. Some responses addressed some, but not all questions.
Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis of qualitative responses.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services within 18 of the 20 DHBs. Of the responding DHBs, 14 were North Island DHBs and four were South Island. They represented DHBs in urban, regional and rural settings. The New Zealand clinical guidelines for stroke management[[19]] define DHBs as large, medium and small, based on population catchment and stroke occurrence. Responses were received from seven out of seven large DHBs, six out of six medium DHBs and five out of seven small DHBs. Of the 37 responses, 11 responses described the continuum of care within a DHB, six were from an acute service, two from a combined acute/inpatient rehabilitation service, eight an inpatient rehabilitation service, two from combined inpatient rehabilitation and community services, and eight from a community service.
Psychosocial screening practices
Respondents were asked to say how psychosocial needs are identified, and if routine screening occurs, how this occurs, including details of screening approaches and/or tools used. We received 35 responses to these questions, from 16 DHBs, and results are summarised in Table 1.
View Tables 1–3.
Forty percent of respondents (n=14) reported there was no routine screening of psychosocial needs within their service. In services that reported some approach to screening, initial disciplinary assessments were the primary occasion for identifying psychosocial issues. Free-text responses described this with phrases such as “asked by MDT in subjective assessments” in acute care or “medical and nursing screen” in inpatient rehabilitation. As such, what was screened was not clear for most services. Several services described comprehensive and holistic screening processes. One inpatient service considered multiple domains of wellbeing such as motivation, behaviour, sleep, whānau support and carer stress, which then were discussed and addressed within daily rapid rounds and weekly multidisciplinary team meetings. Several community services described gathering information about wellbeing on the referral form, asking specific questions relating to holistic domains of wellbeing in initial transdisciplinary assessments (holistic assessments covering different domains relevant to stroke, completed by one team member) such as asking about mood, social supports, finances, sexuality, relationships, and in some instances, also completing validated screening. These examples reflect clear processes for reviewing and addressing wellbeing. Five services used validated psychosocial screening tools. These included the Patient Health Questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) or the Patient Health Questionnarie-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), Depression Intensity Scale Circles (DISCs) or the Stroke Aphasic Depression Questionnaire (SADQ) for those with communication impairments. Even with specified screening policies and tools, screening did not consistently occur. In the free-text box, one respondent identified that while they had a DHB-wide policy and screening process using a validated tool, in practice “this does not always occur”. No services used culturally specific tools, or described screening processes which reflected Māori models of hauora.
In the absence of routine screening (37% of responses), respondents described psychosocial needs being identified through staff observations and conversations with patients and families. However, free text responses indicated this could be “ad hoc” or “hit and miss”.
Interventions to support wellbeing
Three patterns of support were identified through free-text responses to the question, “How is the psychosocial wellbeing of people with strokes currently supported within the service?”, a question answered by 32 of the 37 respondents.
The first pattern (n=3 responses; one each from acute, inpatient and community rehabilitation services) was that respondents stated psychosocial wellbeing supports were limited, with responses such as “it is not supported”, “poor”, and “not supported beyond general enquiry”.
The second pattern (n=24 responses) predominantly described referrals to different providers: psychologists or social workers within the team, chaplains, cultural support services, liaison psychiatry within hospital services, or external supports such as general practitioners (GPs) or stroke-centred non-governmental organisations. These respondents provided little detail regarding everyday psychosocial supports provided by multidisciplinary members of the stroke team.
The third pattern (n=5 responses; three joint acute/inpatient services, one acute, and one community rehabilitation service) reflected multi-layered approaches to psychosocial care provided by multidisciplinary team members within the stroke service. A variety of interventions were described, from universal approaches with all patients through to specialist input for identified psychological needs, shown in Table 2. These respondents also described models of care that prioritised holistic care, which included regular staff training on wellbeing, a ward environment that supported whānau involvement, and attending to staff wellbeing, seeing this as a core aspect of them supporting patient and whānau wellbeing.
The survey prompted some services to identify how they supported the psychosocial needs of Māori and Pacific peoples. Responses predominantly specifed referring to cultural support services; several specified whānau involvement through regular communication between staff and whānau, whānau rooms, and longer visiting hours as strategies in supporting wellbeing. One non-urban community service described connecting with visiting kaumatua and supporting connection with valued community activities.
While specific disciplines and services were reported to be instrumental in providing psychosocial support (specifically social work, psychology, and cultural support services), limited availability was also reported. This is summarised in Table 3. Some free-text responses suggested that the actual availability of these disciplines may be less than what the numbers suggest. For instance, one DHB with two acute services stated that at one hospital, social work was available one-to-two times a week, while in the larger hospital, social work was routinely available. Another acute service indicated that the only specialist mental health support was from liaison psychiatry but was difficult to access as psychosocial responses were considered a normal reaction to stroke, rather than something requiring specialist input. One DHB-wide community service highlighted geographical differences within the service, stating “psychology (almost entirely non-existent) can only be accessed on referral” in one part of the DHB that only 10% of patients resided within. The other 90% of stroke patients in the DHB had no access to psychology or social work. The nature of their involvement was rarely specified, for instance, whether services were stroke-specific or if staff were resourced and able to provide comprehensive psychosocial support.
Resource needs to improve psychosocial screening and care
Using open-ended questions, we asked respondents to identify training and resource needs. Respondents sought a national approach to screening that was culturally appropriate, reflected holistic understandings of wellbeing such as addressing identity, values, whānau and adjustment, and incorporated Māori models of health. Alongside this, respondents identified the need for better training in understanding and identifying psychosocial needs, and the need for care pathways so that there were clear processes and supports available and accessible if psychosocial issues were identified. To equip clinicians to provide comprehensive psychosocial support, a number of needs were identified:
1. Education addressing:
• The importance of providing psychosocial support. Respondents suggested this education should be provided to the whole team, including support and ward-based staff.
• Specific interventions such as Motivational Interviewing.
• Specific psychosocial issues such as risk assessment, emotional changes, supporting engagement in people who are depressed or anxious, managing difficult behaviour, knowing when specialist support is required.
2. Resources for patients and family on the different impacts of stroke.
3. Improved staffing within the team, including routine access to social workers and psychology, and ensuring that staff with specialist psychosocial skills and knowledge have capacity to support patients, whānau and teams.
Discussion
This survey sought to identify current psychosocial screening and intervention practices in Aotearoa New Zealand, and to resource needs to support service development.
Clear variability in screening was evident, both within DHBs and between DHBs. Current approaches to screening are inconsistent. Five services reported routine screening using a validated screening tool and/or psychosocial assessment. This is an improvement on 2014 research that showed only 7% of services completed screening for >90% of patients.[[20]] However, there is still progress to be made. Screening processes should be universal, attend to different domains likely to be impacted by stroke, and be embedded throughout the continuum of care to ensure issues are identified in a timely manner.[[18,21]] This includes ongoing review in primary care.
No services identified using culturally informed screening processes for Māori or people of other cultural groups. It is imperative that screening processes are culturally responsive, reflect cultural perspectives on wellbeing, and are culturally safe.[[22]] Additionally, all clinicians and services are able to be culturally safe, responsive to and supporting people’s cultural needs and broader sense of oranga (wellbeing), to avoid perpetuating inequities in experience and outcome.[[23,24]]
When psychosocial issues are identified, timely, evidence-based intervention is important.[[25]] A wide variety of approaches to supporting wellbeing were evident. Some respondents identified psychosocial care was an area that was not addressed well—this reflects patients’ experiences of services.[[26]] Some responses focused on referrals to specialist support (cultural support, social work, psychology); however, there were also comprehensive examples of holistic psychosocial care within services. These examples reflect best practice approaches such as the Stepped Care Model,[[27]] and may provide a useful model for clinicians and services wishing to enhance practice.
All staff working in stroke care, across the continuum of care, should be able to provide support for common post-stroke psychosocial changes.[[27]] Specialised support should be available from appropriately trained staff, and from specialist psychologists and psychiatrists for those with more significant psychosocial and psychological difficulties. This is important as best-practice guidelines recommend talking therapies are a first line treatment for depression; medical teams can also consider a trial of antidepressants.[[18]] It is clear from survey results, however, that access to specialist psychological services is limited.
This survey indicates there is a need for better and wider access to specialist psychological support; however, it also highlights there is a need and appetite for building the knowledge, skills and supports for stroke-specialist staff. Building capability within the stroke team is likely to improve psychosocial care and better meet the needs of patients.[[5,27]] The creation of Te Whatu Ora and larger localities may offer more opportunities for providing education for multidisciplinary staff, and collaboration and connection with specialist support across hospitals and services and between tertiary and primary care.
The results of this survey have led to the development of a resource to support services to identify and address psychosocial needs after stroke.[[28]] It provides scripts for asking about wellbeing, and recommends that specific validated screens are completed at transition points, or if staff have concerns. These are PHQ-9 and GAD-7, or the HADS. If the person has communication impairments, clinicians could consider the SADQ-10 or DISCs, and Behavioural Observation of Anxiety (BOA). It also identifies a range of strategies clinicians can use to support wellbeing. Ongoing professional development will occur throughout 2023.
The findings of this survey do have some limitations. There were inconsistencies in how services responded, limiting our ability to draw conclusive findings from comparisons within and across service types; this would require a different research approach. Responses to open-ended questions varied significantly in the depth provided. This does not reflect that one represents a better approach to care than others. Instead, it reflects the nature of the survey design and possibly respondent time.
There is clear recognition of the need for improved psychosocial care for people with stroke in Aotearoa New Zealand. The high rate of responses to this survey indicate a wide-spread interest in enhancing care. This survey provides a valuable platform for future practice and policy development, which should aim to better equip clinicians to support wellbeing. It is vital that services improve psychosocial care to enable better experiences and outcomes for people impacted by stroke.
View Appendix.
Summary
Abstract
Aim
Stroke has significant psychosocial impacts which contribute to burden for the person with stroke and affect stroke outcomes. The Psychosocial Working Group of the National Stroke Network (NSN) sought to survey current practices for assessing and supporting psychosocial needs within district health board (DHB) based stroke services to inform national service delivery initiatives.
Method
The survey was conducted in 2021. It was distributed to senior clinicians in all DHBs via the NSN.
Results
Thirty-seven responses were received from stroke services, representing 90% of DHBs. Sixty-three percent of services reported some process for screening for psychosocial needs. Of these, only 11% used validated screens. Variability in the type of psychosocial support was evident. Seven percent of services had routine access to psychology, while 53% could access psychology on referral. There was limited evidence of specific screening and support processes for Māori, Pacific peoples, or those with communication impairments. Respondents identified training and resources needs to enable better psychosocial care.
Conclusion
Stroke services are not consistently meeting national guidelines which require all services have a process for screening for psychosocial needs. This survey has informed a work programme to support psychosocial care practices in stroke services in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Author Information
Acknowledgements
Correspondence
Correspondence Email
Competing Interests
1) Ranta A. Projected stroke volumes to provide a 10-year direction for New Zealand stroke services. N Z Med J. 2018 Jun 22;131(1477):15-28.
2) Guo J, Wang J, Sun W, Liu X. The advances of post-stroke depression: 2021 update. J Neurol. 2022 Mar;269(3):1236-1249. doi: 10.1007/s00415-021-10597-4.
3) Knapp P, Dunn-Roberts A, Sahib N, Cook L, Astin F, Kontou E, et al. Frequency of anxiety after stroke: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2020;15(3):244-55. Apr;15(3):244-255. doi: 10.1177/1747493019896958. Erratum in: Int J Stroke. 2021 Dec;16(9):NP2.
4) Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Crichton S, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG. The natural history of depression up to 15 years after stroke: the South London Stroke Register. Stroke. 2013 Apr;44(4):1105-10. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.679340.
5) Kristo I, Mowll J. Voicing the perspectives of stroke survivors with aphasia: A rapid evidence review of post-stroke mental health, screening practices and lived experiences. Health Soc Care Community. 2022 Jul;30(4):e898-e908. doi: 10.1111/hsc.13694.
6) Azios JH, Strong KA, Archer B, Douglas NF, Simmons-Mackie N, Worrall L. Friendship matters: a research agenda for aphasia. Aphasiology. 2021:1-20.
7) Ferro JM, Santos AC. Emotions after stroke: A narrative update. Int J Stroke. 2020 Apr;15(3):256-67. doi: 10.1177/1747493019879662.
8) Ellis-Hill C, Horn S. Change in identity and self-concept: A new theoretical approach to recovery following a stroke. Clin Rehabil. 2000 Jun;14(3):279-87. doi: 10.1191/026921500671231410.
9) Kutlubaev MA, Hackett ML. Part II: predictors of depression after stroke and impact of depression on stroke outcome: an updated systematic review of observational studies. Int J Stroke. 2014 Dec;9(8):1026-36. doi: 10.1111/ijs.12356.
10) de Graaf JA, Schepers VPM, Nijsse B, van Heugten CM, Post MWM, Visser-Meily JMA. The influence of psychological factors and mood on the course of participation up to four years after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2022 May;44(10):1855-1862. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1808089.
11) Boden-Albala B, Litwak E, Elkind MSV, Rundek T, Sacco RL. Social isolation and outcomes post stroke. Neurology. 2005 Jun 14;64(11):1888-92. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000163510.79351.AF.
12) Schindel D, Schneider A, Grittner U, Jöbges M, Schenk L. Quality of life after stroke rehabilitation discharge: a 12-month longitudinal study. Disabil Rehabil. 2021 Aug;43(16):2332-2341. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2019.1699173.
13) Hill G, Regan S, Francis R, Mead G, Thomas S, Al-Shahi Salman R, et al. Research priorities to improve stroke outcomes. Lancet Neurol. 2022 Apr;21(4):312-313. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00044-8.
14) Allida S, Cox KL, Hsieh CF, Lang H, House A, Hackett ML. Pharmacological, psychological, and non-invasive brain stimulation interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Jan 28;1(1):CD003437. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003437.pub4.
15) Green G, Maddula M. New Zealand Stroke Rehabilitation: A Strategy [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2018 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.strokenetwork.org.nz/resources/rehab-strategy.
16) Theadom A, Rutherford SJ, Kent B, McPherson KM. The process of adjustment over time following stroke: A longitudinal qualitative study. Neuropsychol Rehabil. 2019 Oct;29(9):1464-1474. doi: 10.1080/09602011.2018.1440609.
17) National Stroke Network - Rehabilitation Working Group. Take Action for Stroke Rehabilitation [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2020 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.strokenetwork.org.nz/resources/recommendations-rehabilitation-for-stroke-patients.
18) Lanctôt KL, Lindsay MP, Smith EE, Sahlas DJ, Foley N, Gubitz G, et al. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Mood, Cognition and Fatigue following Stroke, 6th edition update 2019. Int J Stroke. 2020 Aug;15(6):668-88. doi: 10.1177/1747493019847334.
19) Stroke Foundation of New Zealand. Clinical guidelines for stroke management [Internet]. Wellington, New Zealand: Stroke Foundation of New Zealand; 2010 [cited 2022 Jul 31]. Available from: https://www.health.govt.nz/publication/new-zealand-clinical-guidelines-stroke-management-2010.
20) McNaughton H, McRae A, Green G, Abernathy G, Gommans J. Stroke rehabilitation services in New Zealand: A survey of service configuration, capacity and guideline adherence. N Z Med J. 2014 Sep 12;127(1402):10-9.
21) Gilham S, Clark L. Psychological care after stroke [Internet]. London, United Kingdom: NHS Improvement; 2011. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/media/default/sharedlearning/531_strokepsychologicalsupportfinal.pdf.
22) Dudley M, Wilson D, Barker-Collo S. Cultural invisibility: Māori people with traumatic brain injury and their experiences of neuropsychological assessments. NZ J Psychol. 2014;43(3):14-21. Available from: https://www.psychology.org.nz/journal-archive/Cultural-Invisibility.pdf.
23) Thompson SG, Barber PA, Gommans JH, Cadilhac DA, Davis A, Fink JN, et al. The impact of ethnicity on stroke care access and patient outcomes: a New Zealand nationwide observational study. Lancet Reg HealthWest Pac. 2022 Jan 3;20:100358. doi: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100358.
24) McLellan KM, McCann CM, Worrall L, Harwood M. Māori experiences of aphasia therapy: "But I'm from Hauiti and we've got shags". Int J Speech Lang Pathol. 2014 Oct;16(5):5219-40. doi: 10.3109/17549507.2013.864334.
25) Mountain A, Patrice Lindsay M, Teasell R, Salbach NM, de Jong A, Foley N, et al. Canadian Stroke Best Practice Recommendations: Rehabilitation, Recovery, and Community Participation following Stroke. Part Two: Transitions and Community Participation Following Stroke. Int J Stroke. 2020 Oct;15(7):789-806. doi: 10.1177/1747493019897847.
26) Stroke Association. Feeling Overwhelmed [Internet]. United Kingdom: 2015. Available from: https://www.stroke.org.uk/sites/default/files/feeling_overwhelmed_final_web_0.pdf.
27) Kneebone II. Stepped psychological care after stroke. Disabil Rehabil. 2016 Sep;38(18):1836-43. doi: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1107764.
28) Bright FAS, Davison J, on behalf of the Psychosocial Working Group. Supporting psychosocial well-being after stroke. Wellington, New Zealand: National Stroke Network; 2022 [cited 2022 Nov 22]. Available from: https://static1.squarespace.com/static/623a8069f9d2f75196b75b1b/t/637bfc412749627d280748b7/1669069947407/NSN+Psychosocial+toolkit++Doc_FINAL.pdf.
Contact diana@nzma.org.nz
for the PDF of this article
Psychosocial care in DHB-based stroke services in Aotearoa: a survey of current practice
Stroke is increasingly common in Aotearoa New Zealand. It is the third most common cause of death and disability, with around 9,000 New Zealanders being affected by stroke each year. Despite the incidence of strokes declining, as the population ages, the number of strokes is anticipated to increase, with a corresponding increase in the number of people living with stroke.
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